E hoʻohana i nā kipelu kāpili inā ponoʻoe eʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe
ʻO nā kiʻikuhi kāpili palapala kahi palapala kūʻokoʻa nui e hōʻike ana i ka'āina kūlohelohe a me nā alanui a me nā hale. Ua likeʻole lākou i nāʻano palapala likeʻole no ka mea e hōʻike ana lākou i ka kiʻekiʻe, akā, aia nā mea'ē aʻe a pau āu iʻike ai ma nā palapala 'āina pū me kahi moʻolelo, paʻi a me ka arrow-pointing arrow. Hoʻohui pinepineʻia nā kiʻikuhi kālai'āina me nā mea GPS lima paʻa, nā hāmeʻa a me nā'ōnaehana GPS a me nā polokalamu kelepona. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā kiʻikuhi kālai'āina i kā lākou pepa pepa no nā makahiki he nui a he poʻe nui lākou o nā poʻe waho, nā mea hoʻonohonoho kūlanakauhale a me nā mea pono eʻike i nāʻike'āina no nāʻoihanaʻoihana.
Hōʻike Palapala Kāpili'āina E hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe me nā laina kuʻi
Ke nānāʻoe i ka palapala'āina, ke nānā pono neiʻoe i lalo i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka Honua, no laila he paʻakikī keʻike i nā loli o ke kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻolālā nā kiʻikuhi palapala palapala i nā laina āpau e hōʻike i ka kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēlā me kēia laina pākuʻi ma ka palapala'āina e hoʻohui i nā helu i like ka piʻiʻana. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, inā e hahaiʻoe i kahi laina kuʻikahi, heleʻoe ma kahi ala likeʻole a hiki i kou hoʻiʻana i kāu wahi hoʻomaka. Nā laina laulima ma hope o kekahi mau mea kiko'ī, e like me:
- ʻO kēlā me kēia wahi ma kahi lainaʻaoʻao e like ka piʻiʻana.
- ʻO ke laina kuhikuhina he puka i paniʻia.
- ʻAʻole hiki i nā laina laulima ke holo i kekahi.
Keʻikeʻia kahi helu maʻamau ma kekahi mau laina laina e hōʻike ana i ka kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kaʻilikai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā palapala 'āina o ka US e hōʻike i ka piʻiʻana i nā wāwae, akāʻo kekahi e hōʻike ana i nā mika. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoaʻia nā laina laina a pau me kahi helu. I kēia hihia, ponoʻoe eʻike i ka wāwae o ke kaiapuni eʻike ai i ka piʻiʻana o kekahi mau laina.
Ka weheweheʻana o nā Kū'ē Kū'ē
Ke nānāʻoe i kahi mahele o nā laina laina ma ka palapala'āina,ʻikeʻoe eʻikeʻia ana uaʻikeʻia i kahi o nā manawa kūponoʻole, akā, aia kekahi wehewehe kūpono. Hoʻopiliʻia lākou i nā wā āpau e loli i ka hoʻololiʻana o ka piʻi. Ponoʻoe eʻike i nā wā āpau e wehewehe i nā loli o ka kiʻekiʻe ma ke nānāʻana ma ka palapala'āina. No ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ke kuhi wāwae:
- E huli iʻelua laina laina ma ka palapala'āina i hoʻopaʻaʻia me ko lākou mau kiʻekiʻe a loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha iʻoi aku kaʻole o nā piʻi ma waena o lākou.
- E hoʻokuʻu i ka helu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i paiʻia ma kekahi lainaʻaoʻao mai ka helu nui aʻe ma kaʻaoʻao'ē aʻe.
- E mahele i ka hopena ma ka helu o nā laina lainaʻole i waena o lākou e hiki ai i ka wāwae.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ināʻoeʻelua mau laina laina i kapaʻia he 30 a 40 kapuaʻi me kahi laina lainaʻole i waena o lākou, he 5 mau kapuaʻi ke kaʻina. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma kekahi wahi ma ka'āpana i weheʻoleʻia he 35 mau kapuaʻi. Hoʻomau mau ka pānaʻi waenaʻole no nā māhele a pau ma ka palapala'āina.
ʻAʻole hiki iāʻoe keʻike i kahi laina laina wale nō ma nā wahi pālahalaha. ʻO kaʻoi aʻe o ka wikiwikiʻana o ka hoʻololiʻana i ka piʻiʻana, ua makemakeʻia nā laina laina'ē aʻe e kahaki i nā loli.
Kahi e kiʻi ai i nā palapala'āina kālai'āina
Hiki i ka US Geological Survey ke hāʻawi mai i nā hoʻoili uila o nā palapala kālai'āina a me nā moʻolelo o ka US ma ka PDF ma kona pūnaewele. Hoʻokumuʻo Garmin i nā papahana hoʻolālā palapala kiʻi no ke kūʻaiʻana ma kāna pūnaewele, aʻo ka papa Camping a Hiking ma Amazon kahi kohoʻia o nā palapala kāina. Hoʻopili nuiʻia nā kiʻi kālai'āina, laweʻia a hoʻohanaʻia i ka hōʻano hou.
Ka Pakuhi o nā Palapala Kiʻikuhi
Hiki i nā kiʻikuhi kālai'āina nā'elekē likeʻole, a he mea nui nāʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo ka mapuma kapo o 24K ma ka laulā o 1: 24,000 (1 iniha = 2,000 kapuaʻi) a hōʻike i nā kiko'ī piha. Hoʻomaopopoʻia ka 24K map e 7.5 mīkini palapala 'āina no ka mea e uhi ia 7.5 mau minuke o latitude a longitude. ʻO kekahiʻano maʻamau, ka 100,000 topo map, ma ka paona o 1: 100,000 (1 centimeter = 1 mile) a hōʻike i nā mea liʻiliʻi akā e uhi i kahi ākea ma mua o ka 24K map.
He aha ka 'Ikepili Kuleana?
ʻO ka palapala 'āina' āina ka 'āina o ka palapala' āina 'aʻole hoʻohana i nā laina' āpana. Akā, ua hukiʻia a penaʻia e hōʻike i nā loli i ke kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kēia i ka palapala'āina i kahi nānā maoli, a hiki ke maʻalahi keʻike i waena o nā mauna a me nā awāwa e nānā wale ana. ʻO ka'ōpū me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka mauna, heʻano ia o ka palapala 'āinaʻoluʻolu.