Nā Kumuhana Semiconductor
ʻAno Overview
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia kaʻenehana hou i kahi papahana i kapaʻia he semiconductors. Hoʻohuiʻia nā papa hana a pau, nā papa hana i hoʻohuiʻia, nā microchips, nā transistors, a me nāʻanoʻike he nui me nā meahana semiconductor. ʻOiaiʻo ke kelikino ka mea hoʻohana nui a hoʻohanaʻia me nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia i ka meahana i hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻohanaʻia me ka Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, a me nā semiconductors organic. Hoʻolakoʻia kēlā me kēia palapala i nā pono i ka papaʻaina e like me ke kaʻina kūʻai / hana, ka wikiwiki nui, ka mahana wela, aiʻole ka pane i makemakeʻia i kahi hōʻailona.
ʻO nā mea'ōmeu
He aha ka mea e pono ai nā semiconductors ka hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i ko lākou mau mea lewa a me nā halihali i loko o ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻolakoʻia nā 'āpana o nā'ōmokuʻomeʻa ma o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea haumia ma ka semiconductor ma o ke kaʻina hana i kapaʻia doping, me nā meaʻinoʻole a me nā hoʻohālikelike e hana i nā hopena likeʻole. Ma ke kāohiʻana i ka doping, hiki ke hoʻomalu i ke ala e holo ai kekahi mehana elela ma o kahi semiconductor.
Ma kahi o ke alakaʻi pono'ī, e like me ke keleawe, nā mea koho electron e lawe i kēia manawa ae hana i ka halihali. I loko o nā semiconductor nā electrons a me nā 'pō,' ka nele o kahi mea koho, hanaʻoe e like me nā mea lawe kālā. Ma ke kāohiʻana i ka doping o ke semiconductor, hiki ke hoʻohālikeʻia ka haweweʻana, a me ka mea lawe ukiuki e like me keʻano o ka pila a iʻole ka puka.
ʻEluaʻano o ka doping, N-ʻano, a me ka P-ʻano. ʻO nā'ōpena N-ʻano,ʻo ia ka phosphorus a arsenic paha,ʻelima mau electrons, i ka manawa e hoʻokomoʻia i kahi semiconductor e hāʻawi i kahi elele ponoʻole. No ka loaʻaʻana o ka uku kūponoʻole o nā electrons, ua kapaʻia kekahi mea i kapaʻiaʻo N-ʻano. Nā pakano p-like, e like me boron a me gallium, loaʻaʻekolu mau electrons e hiki ai i ka nele o kahi elela i loko o kaʻeka semiconductor, me ka hoʻokumu pono i ka lua a iʻole ka uku kūpono, no laila ka inoa P. ʻO nā meaʻokoʻa N a me ka P-type, a ma nā hōʻiliʻili manawa, e hana i kahi semiconductor he conductor maikaʻi. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole nā meaʻano kūikawā a me ka P-type semiconductors nā mea pono'ī, he mau alakaʻi pono. Eia nō naʻe, inā hoʻoiliʻoe iā lākou me kekahi i kekahi, e hana i kahi huiʻana o ka PN, loaʻa iāʻoe kekahi mauʻano likeʻole a maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka PN Junction Diode
ʻO ka huiʻana o ka PN,ʻano likeʻole me kēlā me kēia mea i kaʻawale,ʻaʻole ia e like me ke alakaʻi. Ma mua o kaʻaeʻana i ka holoʻana o ka wā i kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao, hiki i ka huiʻana o ka PN ke hoʻoholo i kēia manawa i ka holo hoʻokahi ma ke ala hoʻokahi, e hana ana i kahi diode. Ke hoʻoleleʻana i ka voltage ma kahi o kaʻaeʻana PN ma ke kuhikuhi (kuhikuhi mua) e kōkua i nā electrons i ka'āina N-ʻano hui pū me nā puka o ka māhele P. Ke ho'āʻo nei e hoʻololi i ke kahe o ka manawa (hoʻohuli hope) ma o nā puʻukena diode nā mea koho electron a me nā puka kaʻawale kahi e pale ai i kēia wā mai ka holoʻana. ʻO ka huiʻana i ka huiʻana o ka PN ma nāʻano'ē aʻe e wehe i nā puka i nā papahana semiconductor, e like me ke transistor.
Nā transistors
Hanaʻia keʻano o ka pilina o ka huina o nā meaʻano N a me ka P-ʻoi aʻe ma mua o nāʻelua i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o kekahi diode. ʻO ka hui pūʻana i kēia mau mea e loaʻa ana i nā transistors NPN a me PNP iʻikeʻia he transistors hoʻolālā bipola a BJT paha. ʻO ke kikowaena, a iʻole ka base, ka BJT āpana e hiki ai i ke transistor ke hana a loli paha.
ʻOiaiʻo NPN a me PNP transistors paha e like paha me nā diodesʻelua i hoʻokumuʻia i hope, e kāohi ana i nā mea a pau e holo nei i kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao. Ke hoʻonāukiukiʻia ka papa waena i mea e hele ai kahi liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka papa waena, ua hoʻohuiʻia nā mea o ka diode me ka hoʻololi o ka papa waena e hiki ai i ka wā nui e holo i kēlā me kēia'ōpuni. Hāʻawi kēiaʻano i kahi transistor i ka mana e hoʻonui i ke aupili liʻiliʻi a e hana i keʻano hoʻololi i kahi kumu i kēia manawa a iʻole e pau.
Hiki ke hana i nāʻano likeʻole o nā transistors a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe semiconductor ma o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā lālā o ka PN ma nāʻano he nui, mai nā mea maʻamau, nā transistorsʻoihana kūikawā i nā paio mana. Eia kekahi mau mea i hanaʻia mai nā hui maikaʻiʻana o nā lālā PN.
- DIAC
- ʻO ke diode dioer
- Kelepona uila-emitting (LED)
- ʻO Zener diode
- Kelepona Darlington
- ʻO ka transistor pākuhi, me nā MOSFET
- Kelepa IGBT
- Silicon manaʻo hoʻoponopono (SCR)
- Hoʻolaha pūnaewele integrated (ICs)
- Microprocessor
- Mīkini Pūnaewele - RAM a me ROM
Nń kani
Ma waho aʻe o ka mana o kēia manawa e hāʻawiʻia nā semiconductors, e loaʻa nō hoʻi iā lākou nā waiwai e hana ai no nā meaʻike maikaʻi. Hiki ke hoʻololi i nā loli o ka mahana, ka lolo, a me ka mālamalama. ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana i ka kū'ēʻana,ʻo ia kaʻano maʻamau o ka pane no kahi mea kani kukū. Ke heluʻia nei kekahi mauʻano o nā meaʻike e hiki i nā mea semiconductor e hiki ai.
- Hanau Hall Hall (sensor magnetic field sensor)
- Kermistor (ke anawela wela hou)
- CCD / CMOS (kiʻiʻike kiʻi)
- Photodiode (meaʻikeʻike)
- Photoresistor (mea kani kukui)
- Pipa Piezoresistive (kaomi / kaumaha pūnana)